Macintosh Application Environment 2.0

The virtual Macintosh for open systems

White Paper

Overview

Macintosh Application Environment (MAE) is a software product from Apple Computer designed to offer workstation users the Macintosh "look and feel" and associated ease-of-use and productivity benefits by providing a "virtual Macintosh" environment within a standard UNIX® X Window.(TM) MAE supports most off-the-shelf Macintosh programs, including spreadsheets and word processors, as well as desktop publishing and graphics applications. And with its seamless integration into the host UNIX environment, MAE allows users to:

• Exchange data between X Window and Macintosh environments;
• Launch UNIX applications from within the Macintosh environment;
• Manage UNIX files and the UNIX file system with the Macintosh Finder; and,
• Access UNIX system services, including TCP/IP networking via support for MacTCP.

What is the Macintosh Application Environment?

To the user, MAE appears to be a fully functional Macintosh environment contained in an X Window, providing an experience that is virtually identical to that of using a standard Macintosh computer based on a Motorola 680X0 (68K) microprocessor. To the host UNIX system, MAE appears to be a self-contained X Window application. The Macintosh graphical interface appears just as it does on a Macintosh computer; files are seen, copied, and opened as on a Macintosh computer; applications run as if they were running on a Macintosh computer; and printers and servers are selected using the chooser utility.

MAE is standards-based, and supports UNIX-based workstations equipped with X Window System version 11, release 4 or 5. (Please see the section entitled On what systems does MAE run? for currently supported workstations.) It also supports any window manager that adheres to the X Window System Standard, including Motif(TM), HP VUE,® and OPEN LOOK,® and follows the standards defined by the Interclient Communications Convention (ICCCM). As the only Macintosh environment for UNIX workstations that is officially developed, supported, endorsed and sanctioned by Apple Computer, MAE is the best performing, most compatible UNIX-based Macintosh emulator currently available.

Benefits of MAE

• Enhanced productivity through shrinkwrap Macintosh applications. MAE supports most of the productivity applications and tools long enjoyed by users of Macintosh systems. In fact, MAE supports more of these applications than any competing technology.
• Copy-and-paste of text and graphics. Allows you to transfer text and graphics between MAE and other X Windows via the copy-and-paste tools in the MAE Toolbar.
• Drag-and-drop UNIX command execution. To execute UNIX commands, the user merely "drags" the icon of a file or directory and "drops" it onto the icon of a UNIX command. For example, if you drag the icon of a directory to the ls icon, the X window displays a list of the files in that directory.
• Support for NFS and AFS. MAE supports both NFS and AFS (Andrew File System 2.4) to provide access to the highly distributed file systems typical of workstation environments. NFS/AFS support allows you to easily access appropriate files within such environments via the Finder.

New features of MAE version 2.0 provide the following additional benefits.

New features of MAE version 2.0

• AppleTalk for MAE. System administrators can now help users gain access to network resources more easily using AppleTalk networking capabilities. With the AppleTalk protocol, designed and developed by Apple Computer, users have a simple method to access printers, file servers, or other AppleTalk-enabled computers on the network using the Chooser.
• Improved speed and performance in a smaller amount of memory. MAE version 2.0 takes advantage of two technological breakthroughs - dynamic compilation and code block templates - to obtain optimal emulator performance while consuming a minimal amount of memory. These techniques reduce system overhead and increase speed by allowing MAE to identify sections of MacOS and applications code that are translated to native code, and run directly as native code on the underlying RISC architecture.
• MacTCP support. MacTCP is the Macintosh implementation of the TCP/IP networking protocol, which gives users access to the Internet as well as TCP/IP-based utilities such as Fetch and Telnet.
• Sound Manager. Controlled by the Sound control panel, the MAE Sound Manager supports all standard sounds supported by the Macintosh computer.
• Dynamically resizable MAE window. Users can dynamically resize the MAE window using the Monitors control panel in MAE or the workstation's X Window size controls.
• Finder Window Update. Finder Window Update helps to reduce MAE overhead on the host system (for additional details, please see the section entitled Configuring MAE for the UNIX Environment).
• Cycle saving via Processor Slowdown. Processor Slowdown also helps to reduce MAE overhead on the host UNIX system (for additional details, please see the section entitled Configuring MAE for the UNIX Environment).
• Temporary Installer Volume (TIV). TIV is a utility that facilitates installation of Macintosh productivity applications in the UNIX host system (for additional details, please see the section entitled Configuring MAE for the UNIX Environment).
• NFS Heartbeat. An important enhancement for improved NFS robustness, NFS Heartbeat provides a mechanism by which to break out of "hung" network system calls. These calls can hang when MAE attempts to access an inaccessible NFS-based file server.
• Productivity features from Macintosh System 7.5. MAE 2.0 enhancements from System 7.5 include:
  • Launcher. The Launcher control panel permits users to launch an application with a single click of a mouse button by selecting from lists of their most frequently used applications.
  • Stickies. Allows users to create electronic "sticky notes" and place them anywhere in the MAE window.
  • Improved desktop patterns. The Desktop Patterns control panel has been expanded to provide more colorful and textured Desktop patterns. Users can also create their own custom Desktop patterns by copying and pasting graphics into the control panel.
  • Find File. This expander Finder utility lets users quickly search hard disk drives or file servers for a desired file.
  • WindowShade. Allows users to shrink a window in MAE to just its title bar or re-expand it with two or three clicks of the mouse.
  • Extension Manager. The Extension Manager control panel lets users enable or disable Macintosh control panels, extensions, and INITs in MAE.

On which systems does MAE run?

The User Experience

The most significant difference between using MAE and a Macintosh interface is that in MAE, users can take advantage of features that result from the interaction of the Macintosh system with the UNIX system. For example, in addition to using Macintosh productivity applications, UNIX users can use the Macintosh Finder to navigate the UNIX file system, and UNIX commands can be launched from within MAE. This difference arises repeatedly under various guises in the sections that follow.

Launching MAE

When MAE is launched, an X Window with a Macintosh interface appears. Typically, the MAE interface will look like this:

(Picture of MAE window here)

The MAE window by default is set at a size of 640 x 480 pixels, which is equivalent to a Macintosh 14 inch screen. As noted above, this size can be dynamically adjusted. The principal visual difference between the MAE window and a standard Macintosh interface is the presence of the MAE Toolbar, which extends across the bottom edge of the MAE X Window.

Using the MAE Toolbar

The interactions controlled by the MAE Toolbar are floppy/CD mounting, capture of screen images, movement of data between MAE and the X Window environment, constrained cursor positioning, and access to MAE Help.

Mount Floppy/CD. UNIX workstations do not automatically detect that a floppy disk or CD-ROM disc has been inserted into an appropriate drive. The Mount Floppy/CD tool allows a user to notify MAE that a floppy or CD-ROM has been inserted. If MAE finds an initialized high-density floppy or a CD-ROM when this button is clicked, MAE mounts it and the appropriate icon appears on the desktop.

(select button)

Select from Screen. The Select from Screen tool lets a user select an area of the screen and capture an image of it in the Macintosh Clipboard. You can select any graphic on the screen, even a 3-D graphic or surface model, and paste the image into a Macintosh application that accepts graphics in PICT format by positioning the pointer in the document window and choosing Paste from the Edit menu.

(export button)

Export to X and Import from X. These commands facilitate the interchange of data between X Window and Macintosh application documents. For example, to import text or graphics from an X Window client to a Macintosh document, open and activate the appropriate X application and select the text and graphics you wish to import. Follow the X application's procedures for copying, and click the Import from X button in the MAE Toolbar. Then paste the desired data into the Macintosh document by using the standard Paste command. The procedure for exporting to X is simply the inverse of the importing procedure

Contain Cursor. The Contain Cursor tool prevents you from moving the cursor outside the MAE window. This feature is particularly useful when you intend to work extensively within that window, and do not want to inadvertently inactivate the window since this could result in the disappearance of the MAE window behind other active X windows.

Toolbar Help. Toolbar Help displays a series of Help dialog boxes that describe MAE Toolbar functionality.

Configuring MAE for the UNIX Environment

The MAE General control panel supports:

• Finder Window Update. Ideally, the Finder needs to be updated when changes occur anywhere in the UNIX file system. However, if the Finder is updated too frequently, the process can degrade the workstation's overall performance. Finder Window Update is a user-configurable feature that helps to reduce MAE overhead on the host system by reducing the frequency with which MAE checks for changes in the UNIX file system.
• Hidden UNIX files. This options allows UNIX "dot files" (i.e., files whose names begin with a period [.] or "dot") to be displayed on the MAE desktop. If the checkbox in this option is not checked, these hidden UNIX files are not displayed.
• Color flash reduction. This patent-pending MAE feature reduces the "flash" that occurs when the cursor moves between UNIX and Macintosh environments that are using different color tables. When this option is active, MAE attempts to maintain consistency between its color and that of the X Window environment. When the option is off, the default colors used by MAE are the same as those used on a standard Macintosh. Color flash reduction is most useful when using a color-intensive application.
• Temporary Installer Volume (TIV). A utility that creates a virtual Macintosh disk within the UNIX file system, the TIV is useful when the installer of a Macintosh application attempts to install that application directly to the root ('/') directory, and that directory has insufficient space or access privileges for the application. This utility allows the application to be installed to the TIV, and then moved to an appropriate place within the UNIX file system.
• Trash. This option permits the user to set the minimum file size used for the Fast Delete feature. When you put a file into the MAE trash, MAE makes a copy of it, unless it originated in your home directory. However, if a file equals or exceeds the size set in this option, the Fast Delete feature deletes it without making such a copy.
• Cycle saving via Processor Slowdown. Processor Slowdown is a user-configurable feature that helps to reduce MAE overhead on the host UNIX system by reducing the computation requirements when MAE is inactive.

Installing Macintosh applications

Installing with the application's installation utility

Some installers, however, do not let you specify an installation destination. These installers will probably attempt to install in the UNIX system's root directory. In such cases, installation may not succeed because there is often not enough room in the root directory, even if there is enough room elsewhere on the drive. When this happens, the best approach is to install on a Temporary Installer Volume. [NOTE: Any installation will fail if there really is not sufficient room for the application on the destination drive.]

Installing with the Temporary Installer Volume

Installing by copying from a Macintosh computer

Opening UNIX files

Launching commands and programs

AppleTalk support

For information on AppleTalk zones within your network, please consult your System Administrator. Once these zones have been established, connecting to printers and servers through AppleTalk takes only a few mouse clicks.

Sharing files with AppleShare

Connecting to a printer via AppleTalk

Printing to a UNIX PostScript(TM) printer

To connect to a UNIX printer, click on the LprWriter icon. When you first connect to a lpr printer, you need to tell MAE what kind of printer you are selecting, using the Setup Print Command to specify the Printer Description (PPD) file that is appropriate for the UNIX PostScript printer you want to use.

Support for sound and QuickTime

Similarly, users of MAE 2.0 can play QuickTime videos inside their MAE window, with the included QuickTime 2.0 extension. The speed and quality of QuickTime video is dependent on the speed of the host platform and the quality of the QuickTime video itself. MAE includes the most recent version of the QuickTime Movie Player application.

MAE Architecture

The block diagram below illustrates the principal constituents of the Macintosh Application Environment system architecture. The shading, or lack thereof, indicates the principal sources of the system's components. While this section discusses all of these components in turn, it focuses on the unshaded sections that comprise the heart of the MAE system, namely, support for the UNIX interface and native code acceleration and the Motorola 68K emulator. These are the system elements responsible for integrating the MacOS with UNIX and for delivering MAE's highly optimized performance characteristics. To provide some context for understanding the relationships between these elements, the following discussion provides an overview of how MAE works within the UNIX environment.

How MAE works

To UNIX, mae looks like any other self-contained X Window application that the UNIX scheduler is responsible for managing. Macintosh applications started within MAE appear to be simple subprocesses running within MAE. MAE is capable of running multiple Macintosh applications, with the ability to switch between them arbitrarily and even to have some of them perform processing in the background. However, because all this occurs within mae, the running Macintosh applications will not appear in a list of UNIX processes. UNIX commands executed from within MAE, on the other hand, are forked directly by the UNIX OS as independent processes, and do appear in UNIX process lists. If the UNIX command is an X window client, it creates one or more X windows that are independent of the MAE window.

MAE contains an implementation of the Macintosh Process Manager. This software manages the loading and unloading of all the Macintosh applications that the MAE user executes. Memory space for use by the Process Manager is made available by the mae process at initialization.

The default size of the memory region is 8 MB, but the user can expand it either by using the memory command line option of the mae command or by using the MAE Memory control panel from within MAE.

The configured memory size is directly analogous to physical memory in an actual Macintosh computer and determines the maximum size and number of Macintosh applications that MAE can run at a single time. While the standard UNIX features of process memory protection and preemptive multitasking guarantee the integrity of other UNIX processes running on the same workstation as MAE, the Macintosh applications running within MAE all share a common memory region and must adhere to the cooperative multitasking paradigm that is required of all Macintosh applications.

Whether MAE is executing Macintosh system or application code, all the executed commands are converted to the underlying, or "native", RISC code by means of 68K emulation. Some code blocks are translated to native code automatically by dynamic compilation. Other code blocks take advantage of manually entered native code patches. Some commands are converted to UNIX system calls which are then executed "native" on the host workstation.

Macintosh 680x0 Applications

Applications take extensive advantage of the Macintosh Toolbox and ROM-based functionality, present in the layer below them. This functionality includes, for example, support for graphics (QuickDraw) and the Macintosh windowing system, file system management and support (the Finder), I/O management and the Macintosh Process Manager.

Macintosh Toolbox and ROM-based Functionality

The Finder

MAE Graphics Support

MAE takes advantage of the fact that virtually all Macintosh applications make calls to the Macintosh graphics standard (called QuickDraw) for their graphics operations. When the Macintosh application makes a QuickDraw call, QuickDraw updates the virtual monitor and tells mae which part of the bitmap changed; mae then makes the appropriate X Window System calls to send the graphics to the X server.

Color Flash Reduction*

Many X Window systems can have only one color table active (that is, actually installed into the hardware color table) at a time. Applications like MAE that use a color table other than the X Window default color table, which is shared by many other X Window applications, display the unexpected colors characteristic of color flash when the active window is changed. The MAE Color Flash Reduction option works by using a patent-pending algorithm that attempts to keep the color definitions in its own color table in synchronization with the default color table. Basically, the algorithm maintains a "best possible match" color table on an ongoing basis.

SuperSelect*

OS Interface and Native Code Acceleration

The Macintosh 68040LC Emulator

In addition to the instruction translation that is normal in emulated environments, MAE incorporates two state-of-the-art features that together serve to greatly enhance emulator performance:

• Dynamic Compilation.* Dynamic compilation refers to a process by which frequently traversed blocks of 68K code are automatically identified, translated to their native equivalents, and linked into the emulator's translation table, obviating the need for instruction-by-instruction processing when these blocks are subsequently encountered. In this way, MAE is optimized to take advantage of the workstations RISC architecture. Dynamic compilation delivers enormous performance enhancements by:
  • Eliminating dispatch loops for instructions contained with dynamically compiled blocks,
  • Eliminating the need for unused condition code calculations, and
  • Increasing the localization of the instructions within the host system's cache.

• Reduction of Memory Footprint. Within Macintosh system and applications code, there are instructions and sequences of instructions that are effectively identical except for the references to their operands. For example, the instructions that result in the addition of the contents of two registers are all effectively the same, regardless of which specific registers they refer to.

  To reduce the memory footprint of MAE 2.0, these redundant blocks of code were eliminated by creating "template" routines that generates variants of these codes during runtime. These templates eliminate pre-generating similar blocks of code and reduce the memory footprint, increasing MAE runtime performance.

The UNIX/X Window Platform

File System Management

UNIX enforces access permissions for files and directories. MAE uses these underlying UNIX permissions and maps them to semantically correct Macintosh privileges. To accommodate permission differences for file operations, the MAE Finder includes a new menu item: UNIX File Permissions. MAE presents the user with the actual UNIX application privileges using the Macintosh interface. Under UNIX, these permissions are read, write and execute. Under MAE, the corresponding Macintosh permissions are See Folders, See Files and Make Changes.

All files and folders created within MAE receive default UNIX permissions. In MAE, users can view UNIX permissions but cannot change them unless they have the necessary UNIX privileges. The UNIX File Permissions menu allows users to set appropriate permissions, as shown in the following illustration.

Networking Services: AppleTalk and MacTCP

• AppleTalk. AppleTalk for MAE 2.0 consists of two parts - an emulated part that works with Macintosh 68K system calls and a native part that integrates into the host system kernel. Thus, AppleTalk acts as an interpreter between the MAE emulation layer and the underlying UNIX system. By using the Chooser to establish AppleTalk connections, selecting a printer or file server over the network is virtually identical to selecting such devices when they are directly connected to a standard Macintosh computer.

  AppleTalk for MAE maintains the Macintosh Toolbox APIs as described in Inside Macintosh: Networking. The integration of AppleTalk into the underlying UNIX system takes place using a number of protocols that correspond to the layers of the ISO OSI model.

  For example, at the Physical Layer, MAE uses the Ethernet hardware provided as standard equipment in supported workstations. At the Data Link Layer, AppleTalk's Link Access Protocol provides data link access control, packet transmission/reception, and addressing capabilities. MAE 2.0 supports the EtherTalk Link Access Protocol (ELAP), which provides AppleTalk connectivity over an Ethernet data link. At the Network Layer, the Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP) offers "best effort" socket-to-socket datagram delivery over an AppleTalk network. AppleTalk for MAE uses UNIX Streams to configure these protocols into the UNIX kernel. (Solaris includes Streams; MAE includes STREAMS/UX with the HP-UX version of MAE.)

  Once installed on a workstation, AppleTalk allows the supported workstation to function as an independent node on an AppleTalk network. All AppleTalk services function just as they do on a Macintosh computer. Each individual resource - a file server or a printer, for example - appears as a simple named entity. To change networks where there are several interfaces, the user selects an interface using the Networks Control Panel, which is depicted below.

  AppleTalk for MAE relies on the presence of several modified Macintosh extensions and control panels to provide AppleTalk network services. These extensions and control panels are shown below.

  (This is still under construction)

• MacTCP. MacTCP is a software driver that implements the TCP/IP protocols within the Macintosh operating system, allowing the user to make use of utilities such as Telnet or Fetch. On a Macintosh computer, the user controls MacTCP using the MacTCP control panel. On MAE, however, the TCP/IP protocols are implemented through the UNIX interface.

  NFS Heartbeat

  NFS Heartbeat offers a way to break out of hung system calls to ensure that MAE will continue running even when trying to access an inaccessible server. For example, before the implementation of this feature, if an NFS server was hard-mounted and a user tried to access this server, the MAE process would previously have blocked indefinitely, leaving the user without the ability to back out of the operation. With NFS Heartbeat, MAE 2.0 can detect this condition, and return control to the user.

  In essence, NFS Heartbeat works by sending signals to a helper process in the UNIX system. If MAE stops sending signals to the helper because of a system hang-up, the helper automatically sends a signal to break out of the hung system call. The system stack is unwound to the point where the system was hung up, MAE continues to work gracefully, and the user is able to continue working without needing to reboot.

System Administration for MAE

Installing MAE on the system

Individual users can install the Macintosh Application Environment on their workstations using the MAE Installer. The installer is a powerful, yet easy-to-use installation utility designed to meet the needs of both novice and expert users. If users select the Easy Install option, they only need to answer three questions before the Installer begins to copy files to the workstation. If a user is uncertain how to respond to an Installer question, the Installer provides context-sensitive, on-line help.

Requirements for running MAE

• A UNIX workstation that supports MAE
• A minimum of 16 megabytes (MB) of free disk space. (22 MB are recommended, and 38 MB are required to install the entire MAE package, including AppleTalk, the on-line documentation, and the demonstration applications.)
• A minimum of 16 MB of RAM (24 MB recommended)
• An X Window System server, Version 11, release 4 or 5
• The Macintosh Application Environment CD-ROM
• A CD-ROM drive, or access to one over a network (if one is installing from a CD-ROM disc)
• PostScript-compatible printer or an AppleTalk printer, if printing from MAE is desired

For Solaris users:

• Solaris 2.3 or 2.4
• Volume Manager patch

For HP-UX users:

• HP-UX version 9.01, 9.03, or 9.05
• STREAMS/UX installed first if the user plans to access AppleTalk. (STREAMS/UX is included in the HP-UX release of MAE.)
• The Hewlett-Packard Audio Server.

Compatibility and licensing

The MAE License Binder is a utility that makes it easy for system administrators to comply with Apple's End User License Agreement, and to administer these licensing provisions from a central location. The License Binder must be run before users can work with MAE. It can be used to assign a license either to a particular user name or to a particular workstation.

If a license is assigned to a particular workstation, anyone using that workstation can use that installation of MAE, but it cannot be used remotely from another workstation. If a license is assigned to a particular individual, then only that individual can access that installation of MAE locally or remotely.

For additional information on using the License Binder, please see either the MAE User's Guide or the MAE System Administrator's Guide.

Improving performance when running MAE

• Run MAE in black-and-white, when displaying on a remote X server. Because the bitmaps are being sent across the network, using only 1 bit per pixel (black-and-white) is the most efficient way to display the MAE desktop remotely.
• Turn off Color Flash Reduction (in the MAE General control panel), if you are using color. This prevents MAE from allocating extra memory for a graphics buffer.
• Put the System Folder on the local machine, not on a remote volume. The MAE Finder and Macintosh applications use resources from the System Folder frequently. If a user's System Folder is on a remote machine, recommend that he or she move the System Folder to the local machine.
• Run in a small memory partition. Use the minimum amount of memory, by using either the -memory command-line option or the Memory control panel.
• Remove unnecessary fonts. Fonts are contained in apple/Fonts. You may remove fonts you know you won't need, thus saving disk space in every System Folder created.
• Set the Finder Window Update option to a high value. The Finder Window Update option in the MAE General control panel determines how often the Finder checks for new files that were created outside of MAE. For example, if you created a text file in your home directory (using a utility such as vi), and your home directory was open in MAE, you wouldn't see that file until the next Finder check occurred. If you do not need frequent Finder checks, you can improve performance by setting this number to a high value (such as 120 seconds) and turning off Finder Window Update when the Finder is in the background.
• Run fewer copies of MAE. The more copies of MAE running on a single workstation, the slower each copy will be. You might want to try running MAE locally even if the local machine is typically slower than the remote machine.

Configuring non-Macintosh hardware

Customizing the keyboard

The MAE Keyboard control panel provides a key-mapping function that retains as much of the UNIX keyboard mapping as possible, while at the same time offering Macintosh keyboard functionality. The result is that the workstation keyboard still behaves as the user expects when operating under the UNIX operating system, but it also allows the user to input characters required under Macintosh conventions.

Mouse support

When the user moves the mouse pointer out of the MAE window and into the UNIX environment, the mouse automatically reverts back to standard UNIX behavior, supporting three active buttons.

Resizing Windows and Changing Screen Bit-Depth

Users can specify a default MAE monitor size that matches one of Apple's standard monitor sizes, or they can enter custom dimensions. The following figure shows the Monitors control panel with options selected for custom "monitor" dimensions.

Users can also change screen bit-depth using the Monitors control panel. The Macintosh Application Environment provides a full range of black-and-white and color configurations. Grayscale is available in 256 levels. MAE allows workstations with 24-bit graphics frame buffers to display millions of colors.

(Monitors icon) 

Configuring AppleTalk for MAE

The AppleTalk implementation for MAE consists of two pieces: An emulated portion and a native portion. System administrators should note that the native portion of AppleTalk for MAE is a UNIX Streams stack that must be configured into the kernel. (For detailed information about configuring AppleTalk for MAE into the kernel, refer to the MAE System Administrator's Guide, provided with MAE.)

There is essentially no difference in system administration between AppleTalk for MAE and AppleTalk for the Macintosh. The administrator needs to define AppleTalk zone names. Typically, zones are selected dynamically when AppleTalk is initiated by MAE, or selected explicitly using the Network Control Panel. In the Network control panel, the number of zones available is determined automatically during the router set up.

Future Directions

The following areas are being considered for future releases of MAE, although specific features and schedules are not committed at this time.

• System 7.5 compatibility
• Support for additional UNIX systems, such as HP-UX 10.0
• Support for additional hardware platforms
• Client/Server optimization
• Support for OpenDoc
• Floating point support
• Further performance improvements

Apple is also investigating the viability of supporting MAE on Power PC. Apple wants to ensure that the performance of RISC-on-RISC emulation will meet customer requirements before committing to this development effort.

Apple is committed to extend the benefits of the Mac OS and Apple's System Software Technologies to a much wider audience. Through the concept of "Open Innovation", Apple is forming industry alliances and partnerships to establish new vendor-neutral standards, adopting prevailing industry standards, implementing key Apple technologies cross-platform, and openly licensing the Mac OS.

For Further Information

Online Information

Provided in hardcopy form with MAE:
Macintosh Application Environment Installing and Getting Started
part number 030-7244-A